The chapter draws heavily upon discussions held during annual conferences of the International Association of Sound Archives. Some of these discussions are summarised in the Association's journal, the Phonographic Bulletin. The relevant issues are listed below.
Cnattingius, C. 'Preservation of sound and pictures: a report of a Swedish government committee' in No. 11; 1975
Cnattingius, C. 'National research archives: specialized or multi-media archives?' in No. 16; 1976
Hubert, R. 'Circulation centres in Austria for the distribution of sound recordings: a national plan' in No. 23; 1979
Saul, P. 'National sound archives' in No. 16; 1976
Schuursma, R. 'National research sound archives: some thoughts for discussion' in No.14; 1976
Schuursma, R. 'National and specialized archives: a Dutch proposal' in No.16; 1976
(a) Organisation and General Advice on Security
Aschinger, E. 'Report on measurements of magnetic stray fields in sound archives' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.27; 1980
IASA Technical Committee 'Standard for tape exchange between sound archives' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.19; 1977
Jagschitz, G. and Hubert , R. 'Zur Methodik historischer Tondokurnentation' in Das Schallarchiv, Nos. l and 2; 1977
Lotichius, D. 'Sicherheit zuerst: auch fUr Tontrager' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.4; 1972 (English version in Phonographic Bulletin, No.5; 1972)
Schuller, D. 'Zur Auswahl und Wartung von Geraten im Schallarchiv' in Das Schallarchiv, No.7; 1980
(b) Preservation and Storage of Sound Recordings
Bertram, H.N. and Eshel, A. Recording Media Archival Attributes (Magnetic); New York: Rome Air Development Center; 1980
EBU Technical Centre Study of the Storage of Sound Programmes Recorded on Magnetic Tape; Brussels: European Broadcasting Union; 1971
Fontaine, J.-M. Conservation des Enregistrements Sonores sur Bandes Magnetiques; Paris: Centre de Recherches sur la Conservation des Documents Graphiques; 1981
Knight, G.A. 'Factors relating to long term storage of magnetic tape' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.18; 1977 (first published by EMI Central Research Laboratories in 1976)
Pickett, A.G. and Lemcoe, M.M. Preservation and Storage of Sound Recordings; Washington: Library of Congress; 1959
Schüller, D. 'Lagerung und Konservierung von Schalltragern' in Das Schallarchiv, No.3; 1978
(c) Comparative Measurement of Tapes, Print-Through
Bertram, H.N., Stafford, M.K. and Mills, D.R. 'The print-through phenomenon' in Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, Vol.28, No. 10; 1980
Ford, H. 'Magnetic tape' in Studio Sound, Vo1.l9, No.8; 1977
Ford, H. 'Audio tapes' in Studio Sound, Vol.23, No.4; 1981
McKenzie, A. 'Recording tape' in Studio Sound, Vol.17, No.2; 1975
Schüller, D. 'Archival tape test' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.27; 1980
(a) International Standardization
The debate on international standardization currently focuses on International Standard Bibliographic Description for Non-Book Materials; London: International Federation of Library Associations; 1977. For the purposes of this chapter, the most significant discussion of ISBD(NBM) may be found in 'ISBD(NBM): Sound recordings amendments and additions' by the IASA Cataloguing Committee and the IAML (International Association of Music Libraries) Working Group on ISBD(NBM), published in both Phonographic Bulletin, No.29; 1981 and Fontes Artis Musicae, Vol.28, Nos.1-2; 1981.
(b) Cataloguing Rules
The product of the most thorough international discussion of cataloguing rules is Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 2nd Edition (AACR2) edited by Michael Gorman and Paul W. Wink1er and prepared by the American, British and Canadian Library Associations (published Chicago, London and Ottawa; 1978).
AACR2 provides guidance on points of detail even for archives not following the overall cataloguing strategy advocated by the rules. For cataloguing agencies wishing to adopt AACR2 in full, various authors have offered guides and handbooks. Some representative examples are:
Fleischer, E.B. and Goodman, H. Cataloguing Audiovisual Materials; New York: Neal-Schumar and London: Mansell; 1980
Hunter E.J. and Fox, N.J. Examples Illustrating AACR2; London: Library Association; 1980
Olson, N.B. Cataloguing of Audiovisual Materials: A Manual Based on AACR2; Mankato: Minnesota Scholarly Press; 1981
Roe, G. (Ed.) Seminar on AACR2; London: Library Association 1980
The existence of AACR2 casts its shadow over any previous cataloguing rules but does not, of course, invalidate them. A useful review of what might be designated the pre-ISBD/AACR2 generation was prepared for UNESCO in 1975 (though unfortunately not made widely available) as A Survey of Existing Systems and Current Proposals for the Cataloguing and Description of Non-Book Materials etc. by C.P. Ravilious Paris: UNESCO: 1975 .
(c) Indexing and Classification
A useful general introduction is contained in The Subject Approach to Information (3rd edition) by A.C. Foskett (London: Bingley; 1978). Guidelines on thesaurus building are available as Thesaurus Construction: A Practical Manual by Jean Aitchison and A1an Gilchrist (London: ASLIB; 1972).
Archives anxious to avoid thesaurus construction or expected to conform to a standard classification system may need access to the appropriate language version of UDC, the Universal Decimal Classification - normally published by a local standards institute and subject to continual revision and expansion.
(d) Computing
Most national and international attempts at standardized computer data formats are built around local variations of the (originally United States) MARC format, and are published by local library associations, national libraries or major cataloguing agencies. However see also Universal MARC Format, 2nd Edition published by IFLA International Office for Universal Bibliographic Control (London; 1980).
Experience with specific computer systems may be written up in journals (see e below). Otherwise insights into the use of computers (although not in a context at all specific to sound archivism) may be gained from the following publications:
Cook, M. Archives and the Computer; London: Butterworths; 1980
Orna, E. and Pettit, C. Information Handling in Museums; New York: Saur and London: Bingley; 1980
Tedd, L.A. An Introduction to Computer-Based Library Systems; London: Heyden; 1977
(e) Sound Archive Experience
Beyond the largely indirect coverage suggested above in works on cataloguing or audiovisual cataloguing generally, there are few publications that concern themselves with the topic of cataloguing and indexing in sound archives. Cataloguing is, however, referred to in general publications on archive management and published accounts of the work of individual sound archives such as are referred to elsewhere in this book. Mention is made here only of three journal articles that further discuss systems looked at briefly in the case studies in chapter Ill; they may be taken as representative of the kind of account that may be found.
Da1fsen, J. von 'Cataloguing and the computer: the use of the computer in the documentation systems of the Netherlands Broadcasting Foundation NOS' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.2l; 1978
Moyle, A. and Koch, G. 'Computerised cataloguing of field recorded music in Phonographic Bulletin, No.28; 1980
Smither, R. 'Using APPARAT: cataloguing film and sound recordings at the Imperial War Museum' in ASLIB Proceedings Vol. 3l, No.4; 1979
Battistelli, L. 'The cassettes of radio France' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.26; 1980 (detailed discussion of a successful distribution system)
Bordin, R.B. and Warner, R.M. The Modern Manuscript Library; New York: Scarecrow Press Inc.; 1960 (general chapters on the relationship between a library, the researcher, the public, and a good overview on a publications programme)
British Broadcasting Corporation Report of the Advisory Committee on Archives; London: BBC; 1979 (a revealing internal look at the programmes and policies of the BBC sound archives both for recorded programmes and gramophone records as well as the music libraries)
Brooks, P.C. Research in Archives: The Use of Unpublished Primary Sources; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1969 useful chapters on the relationship between 'The researcher and the archivist' and 'Limitations on access and use')
Chalou, G. 'Reference' in Baumann, R.M. (Ed.) A Manual of Archival Techniques; Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission; 1979 (a general account of the basic principles and practices for in-house service to researchers)
Chantereau, D. 'Utilization of sound archives entrusted to the Institut National de L'Audio-Visuel' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.26; 1980
Clark, R.L. Archive -Library Relations; New York: Bowker; 1976 (useful general chapters on access and confidentiality, public relations and fund raising)
Cook, M. Archives Administration: A Manual for Intermediate and Smaller Organisations and for Local Government; London: William Dawson and Sons; 1977 detailed chapters on archival searchroom services, developmental services and the use of archives in education)
Duckett, K.W. Modern Manuscripts: A Practical Manual for Their Management, Care and Use; Nashville: American Association for State and Local History; 1975 (several broad chapters on the use of collections and public service practices)
Hoffman, F.W. The Development of Library Collections of Sound Recordings; Basel: Marcel Dekker AG; 1980 Vol.28 in Books in Library and Information Science series)
Holbert, S.E. Archives and Manuscripts: Reference and Access; Chicago: Society of American Archivists; 1977 (from the Basic Manual Series; gives a detailed presentation of the basic archival principles to be followed)
Lance, D. 'Access and use in a museum' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.22; 1978 (a good brief description from an archivist's point of view of the policies and practices for dissemination and use of sound recordings at the Imperial War Museum)
McWilliams, J. The Preservation and Restoration of Sound Recordings; Nashville: American Association for State and Local History; 1979 (the chapter on 'Preservation policy' has pertinent comments on how reference service and use affect the preservation of recordings)
Public Archives of Canada Sound Archives: A Guide to Procedures; Ottawa: PAC; 1979 (the only published manual by a sound archive covering archival functions and procedures from preservation to reference and restrictions. Essential reading)
Roberts, D.L. 'Practice and problems of access to sound archives in North America' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.17; 1977 (good discussion of access policies and practices at several sound archives and libraries in the United States. Unfortunately it focuses only on published commercial sound recordings)
Schellenberg, T.R. Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1956 basic principles are set forth in the chapter on 'Reference service')
Stapley, L. 'BBC archive material for other than broadcasting purposes' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.17; 1977
Stephenson, G. (Ed.) 'Trends in archival and reference collections of recorded sound' in Library Trends, No.21; 1972 (extremely interesting articles on sound scholarship and the scope, functions and use of sound archives in the United States)
Hecker, J. von 'Access to sound archives (German broadcasting archives)' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.28; 1980
There is very little literature available on sound archivism in broadcasting organisations. The most useful accessible source of information on the subject is the Phonographic Bulletin, from which all the references listed below are taken.
Eckersley, T. 'The selection of recordings for permanent retention in the BBC sound archives' in No.9; 1974
Heckmann, H. 'Das Deutsche Rundfunkarchiv' in No.7; 1973
Hempel, H. 'Spoken word documentation at the Sudwestfunk radio sound archives' in No.28; 1980
Kumrnen, T. 'The sound archive of Norsk rikskringkasting, Oslo, with a brief survey of other sound archives in Norway' in No.16; 1976
Lotichius, D. 'Radio broadcasting archives' in No.22; 1978
Muller, H. 'Radio sound archives in West Germany' in No.20; 1978
Ocloo, S.L. 'Ghana broadcasting corporation: legacies in sound' in No.26; 1980
Saul, P. 'Recording of broadcasts' in No.7; 1973
Spivacke, H. 'Broadcasting sound archives and scholarly research' in No.7; 1973
Stapley, L. 'BBC archive material for other than broadcasting purposes' in No.17, 1977
Stapley, L. 'Radio broadcasting archives' in No.22; 1978
Tainsh, K.B. 'The sound archives of Sveriges radio' in No.16; 1976
Trebble, T. 'Classification and cataloguing practice in the BBC sound archives' in No.22; 1978
For a more extensive listing than is attempted here, readers are referred to the bibliographies published in the following three works (which should also be compulsory reading for everybody working in this field):
McWilliams, J. The Preservation and Restoration of Sound Recordings; Nashville: American Association of State and Local History; 1979
Rust, B. Brian Rust's Guide to Discography; Westport, Conn. and London: Greenwood Press; 1980
Elste, M. Schallplatten-Forschung; Munchen: Kraus International Publications; 1981
(a) Record Industry
The international history of the record industry still remains to be written. Most of the works on the industry deal with the viewpoint of one country and none are wholly satisfactory. The following publications will, however, serve as an introduction:
Denisoff, R.S. Solid Gold: The Popular Record Industry; New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books; 1975 in USA only)
Gelatt, R. The Fabulous Phonograph; London: Cassel; 1956 and subsequent editions (a popular history of the record industry, good as an introduction but not very detailed)
Gronow, P. 'The record industry comes to the Orient' in Ethnomusicology, Vol.XXV/2; 1981 (an aspect of the industry's history usually neglected in general histories)
Lotz, R. Grammophonlatten aus der Ragtime-era; Dortmund: Harenberg Komrnunikation; 1979 the early history of the German industry, with emphasis on record label illustrations)
Read, O. and Welch, W.L. From Tin Foil to Stereo; Indianapolis: Sams; 1976 (the best technical history of the industry so far, but unacceptably inaccurate on developments outside the USA)
Rust, B. The American Record Label Book; New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House; 1978 (an introduction to American record companies and their British connections before 1942. Not as complete as it claims and occasionally inaccurate, but basically sound)
Schulz-Köhn, D. Die Schallplatte auf dem Weltmarkt; Berlin: Rehr; 1940 (this hard-to-find volume is still the best economic history of the industry)
(b) Discography
Gray, M. and Gibson, G.D. Bibliography of Discographies Vol. 1; New York: R.R. Bowker and Co.; 1077 (this series will eventually provide references to all known discographies. The first volume deals with classical music. There are also current listings of new discographies in the journal of the Association for Recorded Sound Collections (see below)
Bauer, R. Historical Records; London: Sidgwick and Jackson; 1946 (classical vocals)
Daniélou, A. Catalogue of Recorded Classical and Traditional Indian Music; Paris: UNESCO; 1952
Girard, V. and Barnes, H.M. Vertical Cut Cylinders and Discs; London: British Institute of Recorded Sound; 1971 (a catalogue of all 'hill-and-dale' recordings of serious worth made and issued between circa 1897-1933. Classical only but a good introduction to vertical-cut records)
Haapen, V. Suomalaisten äailevyjen luettelo: Catalogue of Finnish Records; Helsinki: Suomen aanitearkisto; 1967-81 (the only comprehensive national discography in the world, it covers all Finnish records. Nineteen volumes are published covering 1902-80)
Jepsen, J.G. Jazz Records 1942-62 (12 volumes); Holte, Denmark: Karl Emil Knudsen; 1963-69
Labbe, G. Les Pionniers du disque folk1orique quebecois 1920-1950; Montreal: Les Editions de l'Aurore; 1977
Moogk, E.B. Roll Back the Years; Ottawa: National Library of Canada; 1975 (a history and discography of Canadian recordings to 1930. Together with the Labbe and Taft works, it illustrates three different approaches to Canadian discography)
Ruppli, M. Atlantic Records, Vols.1-4; Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press; 1979 (a label discography listing all records issued by a single company between 1947 and 1978)
Rust, B. The Victor Master Book 1925-1936; Hatch End, Middlesex: author; 1969 (another approach to listing the production of a single company by matrix-master numbers. Classical and foreign language recordings are not included)
Rust, B. Jazz Records A-Z, 1897-1942; New York: Arlington House (and other editions); 1978
Rust, B. Discography of Historical Records on Cylinders and 78s; Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press; 1978 speech recordings in English by prominent historical figures)
Rust, B. British Music Hall on Record; London: General Gramophone Publication; 1979
Taft, M. A Regional Discography of Newfoundland and Labrador 1904-1972; St. John's, Newfoundland: Memorial University of Newfoundland; 1975
Toth, A. Recordings of the Traditional Music of Bali and Lombok; Ann Arbor, Mich.: Society for Ethnomusicology; 1980
(c) Journals
Past issues of the Association of Recorded Sound Collections Journal (P.O. Box 1643, Manassa VA 22110, USA) gives a good overview of the field. Those who wish to see sound archives in a wider context should also read the Summer-Fall 1980 issue of the Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress, which is dedicated to the new Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division of the Library.
Abercrombie, D. 'The recording of dialect material' in Orbis: Bulletin International de Documentation Linguistique, Vol.iii; 1954; pp.23l-235
Adams, G.B., Barry, M.V. and Tilling, P.M., A Tape Recorded Survey of Hiberno-English: Questionnaire; published privately; 1976
Barry, M.V. (Ed.) Aspects of English Dialects in Ireland, Vol. l; Belfast: The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast; 1981
Bernstein, B. 'Social class, language and socialization' in Giglio1i, P.P. (Ed.) Language and Social Context; Harmondsworth: Penguin Books; 1972
Bloomfield, L. Language, (Chapter 19, 'Dialect geography'); London: George Allen and Unwin; 1950
Branch, M.A. (Trslr.) Castrenianum -The Centre of Research into Finnish and its Related Languages; Helsinki, 1965
Chambers, J.K. and Trudgill, P. Dialectology; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1980
Cochrane, G.R. 'The Australian English vowels as a diasystem' in Word - Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York, Vol. 15; 1959; pp.69-88
Dieth, E. and Orton H. A Questionnaire for a Linguistic Atlas of England; Leeds: Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society; 1952
Hedblom, F. 'The tape recording of dialect for linguistic sound archives' in Svenska Landsmal och Svenskt Folkliv: 1961; pp. 5I-100
Iordan, I. and Orr, J. An Introduction to Romance Linguistics, revised by Posner, R., with a supplement: Thirty Years On (chapter III -'Linguistic geography', and pp.470-1); Oxford: Basil Blackwell; 1970
Ivic, P. 'On the structure of dialectal differentiation' in Austerlitz, R. et.al. (Eds.) Linguistic Essays on the Occasion of the Ninth International Congress of Linguistics; New York: Linguistic Circle of New York; 1962, pp.33-53 .
Jakobson, R. and Waugh, L.R. The Sound Shape of Language; Brighton: Harvester Press; 1979
Kurath, H. et.al. Handbook of the Linguistic Geography of New England; Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University; 1939
Kurath, H. A Word Geography of the Eastern United States; Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1949
Kurath, H. and McDavid Jr., R.I. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States; Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1961
Kurath, H. Studies in Area Linguistics; Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1972
Mather, J.Y. and Speitel, H.H. The Linguistic Atlas of Scotland Scots Section; London: Croom Helm; Vol. l 1975, Vol.2 1977
Mclntosh, A. Introduction to a Survey of Scottish Dialects; Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh; 1952
Milroy, L. Language and Social Networks; Oxford: Basil Blackwell; 1980
Moulton, W.G. 'The short vowel systems of northern Switzerland' in Word - Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York, Vol.16; 1960; pp.155-182
Orton, H. and Wright, N. A Word Geography of England; London: Seminar Press; 1974
Orton, H., Sanderson S. and Widdowson, J. (Eds.), The Linguistic Atlas of England; London: Croom Helm;-r978
Petyt, K.M. The Study of Dialect; London: Andre Deutsch; 1980
Pop, S. La Dialectologie: Aperçu Historique et Méthodes d'Enquêtes Linguistigues. I: Dialectologie Romane 11: Dialectologie Non Romane; Louvain: Gembloux, Duculot; 1950
Pulgram, E. 'Structural comparison, diasystems and dialectology', Linguistics, 4; 1964; pp.66-82
Samarin, W.J. Field Linguistics: A Guide to Linguistic Field Work; New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1967
Silvertsen, E. Cockney Phonology; Oslo: Oslo University Press; 1960
Thomas, A.R. The Linguistic Geography of Wales; Cardiff: University of Wales Press; 1973
Thomas, A.R. Areal Analysis of Dialect Data by Computer: A Welsh Example; Cardiff: University of Wales Press; 1980
Trubetzkoy, N.S. Principles of Phonology (translated by Baltaxe, C.A.M.); Berkeley: University of California Press; 1969
Trudgill, P. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction; Harmondsworth: Penguin Books; 1974
Trudgill, P. The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1974
(a) General
Brâiloiu, C. 'Equisse d'une methode de folklore musical (organisation d'archives), in Revue de musicologie; 1931. English translation 'Outline of a method of musical folklore' in Ethnomusicology, (Journal of the Society of Ethnomusicology), Vol.14; 1970
Brednich, R.W., Rohrich, L. und Suppan, W. (Hsg.) Handbuch des Volksliedes; Munchen: Fink; 1975
Broere, B.J. 'The politics of fieldwork. The extent to which politics plays a role in the organization of fieldwork and research' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.2l; 1978
Ellis, J.A. 'On the musical scales of various nations' in Journal of the Society of Arts; 1885
Graf, W. Vergleichende Musikwissenschaft. Ausgewählte Aufsätze, herausgegeben van Franz Fodermayr; Wien -Fohrenau; Elisabeth Stiglmayr; 1980
Kolinski, M. 'Ethnomusicology, its problems and methods' in Ethnomusicology (Journal of the Society of Ethnomusicology), Vol. l (newsletter No.IO); 1957
Kolinski, M. 'Recent trends in ethnomusicology' in Ethnomusicology (Journal of the Society of Ethnomusicology), Vol. 11; 1967
Kunst, J. Ethnomusicology; Den Haag: Nijhoff; 1955
Merriam, A.P. The Anthropology of Music; Evanston: Northwestern University Press; 1964.
Nettl, B. Theory and Method in Ethnomusicology; London: The Free Press of Glencoe, Collier -Macmillan Ltd.,; 1964
(b) Fieldwork
Blacking, J. 'Fieldwork in African music' in Review of Ethnology, Vol.3, No.23; 1973
Brandl, R.M. 'Der Einfluss der Feldforschungstechniken auf die Auswertbarkeit musikethnologischer Quellen' in Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research, Vol.13; 1971
Deutsche Gesselschaft fur Musik des Orients (Hsg.) 'Musikologische Feldforschung. Aufgaben, Erfahrungen, Techniken' in Beitrage zur Ethnomusikologie, Vol.9; Hamburg; 1981
(c) Transcription
Abraharn, O. und von Hornbostel, E.M. 'Vorschläge für die Transkription exotischer Melodien' in Sammelbände der Internationalen Musik-Gesellschaft; 1910
(d) Copyright
Marcel-Dubois, C. 'Un essai de valorisation d'archives sonores' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.17; 1977 (with German translation)
Ternisien, R. 'History of copyright' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.17; 1977 (with French translation)
(e) Cataloguing
Kaufman, J. 'Subject and name access to musics other than Western Art' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.2l; 1978
Aceves, P. and Einar -Mullarky, M. 'Folklore archives of the world: a preliminary guide' in Folklore Forum (Bibliographic and Special Series); 1968
Allen, B. and Montell, L. From Memory to History: Using Oral Sources in Local Historical Research; Nashville: American Association for State and Local History; 1981
Boggs, R.S. 'Folklore classification' in Southern Folklore Quarterly, No.13; 1949 205
Dorson, R.M. 'Introduction: collecting oral folklore in the United States' in Dorson, R.M. (Ed.) Buying the Wind: Regional Folklore in the United States; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1964
Dorson, R.M. 'The use of printed sources' in Dorson, R.M. (Ed.) Folklore and Folklife: An Introduction; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1972
Evans, E.E. 'The cultural geographer and folklife research' in Dorson, R.M. Folklore and Folklife: An Introduction; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1972
Georges, R.A., Blumenreich, B. and O'Reilly, K. 'Two mechanical indexing systems for folklore archives: a preliminary report' in Journal of American Folklore, No.87; 1974
Georges, R.A. and Jones, M.O. People Studying People: The Human Element in Fieldwork; Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; 1980
Gillis, F. 'The Indiana university archives of traditional music' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.7; 1973
Goldstein, P.S. A Guide for Fieldworkers in Folklore; Hatboro, Pa.: Folklore Associates; 1964
Goldstein, K.S. 'Harvesting folklore' in Coffin Ill, T. (Ed.) American Folklore: Voice of America Forum Lectures; Washington DC: Voice of America, US Information Agency; 1968
Higgs, J.W.Y. Folklife Collecting and Classification; London: Museums' Association; 1963
Ives, E.D. The Tape-Recorded Interview: A Manual for Fieldworkers in Folklore and Oral History revised and enlarged edition); Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press; 1980
Jenkins, J.G. 'The use of artifacts and folk art in the folk museum' in Dorson, R.M.(Ed.) Folklore and Folklife: An Introduction; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1972
Klymasz, R.B. 'An introduction to the folklore division of the national museum of Canada, Ottawa in The Folklore and Folk Music Archivist, No.l; 1967
Leach, M. and Glassie, H. A Guide for Collectors of Oral Tradition and Folk Material in Pennsylvania; Harrisburg, Pa.: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission; 1968
List, G. 'Fieldwork: recording traditional music' in Dorson, R.M. (Ed.) Folklore and Folklife: An Introduction; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1972
List, G. 'Archiving' in Dorson, R.M.(Ed.) Folklore and Folklife: An Introduction; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1972
MacDonald, D.A. 'Fieldwork: collecting oral literature' in Dorson, R.M.(Ed.) Folklore and Folklife: An Introduction; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1972
O. Suilleabhain, S. A Handbook of Irish Folklore; Dublin: the Folklore of Ireland Society; 1942
Rasmussen, H. 'Classification systems of European ethnological material' in Ethnologia Europe, No.4; 1970
Roberts, W.E. 'Fieldwork: recording material culture' in Dorson, R.M.(Ed.) Folklore and Folklife: An Introduction; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1972
Stevenson, G. (Ed.) 'Trends in archival and reference collection of archival sound' in Library Trends, Vol.2l, No. l; 1972
Wildhaber, R. 'Folk atlas mapping' in Dorson, R.M.(Ed.) Folklore and Folklife: An Introduction; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1972
(a) General Works on Linguistics
Fowler, R. Understanding Language; London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1974
Fromkin, V. and Rodman, R. An Introduction to Languages; New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; second edition; 1978
Stork, E.C. and Widdowson, J.D.A. Learning About Linguistics: An Introductory Workbook; London: Hutchinson Educational; 1974
Minnis, Noel (Ed.) Linguistics at Large; St. Albans, Hertfordshire: Paladin; 1973 (fourteen linguistic lectures presented to a general audience by the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London 1969-70, including well known contributors such as Basil Bernstein, Edmund Leach, John Lyons, Randolph Quink, George Steiner, Peter Strawson, and Stephen Ullmann)
Sebeok, T. (Ed.) Current Trends in Linguistics; The Hague: Mouton; 14 Vols. 1963-1976 (this enormous compendium covers all geographical areas as regards linguistics and most general linguistic topics)
(b) Works on Language in Relation to Culture and Society
Ardener, E. (Ed.) Social Anthropology and Language; London: Tavistock; 1971
Bauman, R. and Scherzer, J. (Eds.) Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1974
Hyrnes, D. (Ed.) Language in Culture and Society: A Reader in Linguistics and Anthropology; New York: Harper and Row; 1964
Shopen, T. (Ed.) Languages and Their Speakers; Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop; 1979
Shopen, T. (Ed.) Languages and Their Status; Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop; 1974 (these two volumes edited by Shopen provide an introduction for the general reader to a wide range of languages and to their social functions)
(c) Works on Linguistic Areas
Studies of various linguistic areas are of considerable value in providing a general orientation for collectors and in deciding on the content of the data to be deposited in the archive. A few works are given here as examples but other areas are covered in the previously mentioned compendium edited by T. Sebeok.
Africa
Polome, E.C. and Hill, C.P. (Eds.) Language in Tanzania; London: Oxford University Press; 1980 (a guide giving basic information on languages in Tanzania as well as wider issues such as language in education and language use in Tanzania. This is one of the Ford Foundation Language Surveys which, in Africa, have already covered Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Zambia as well as Tanzania)
Welmers, W. Linguistics Structures of Africa; Berkeley: University of California Press; 1973 (a general orientation to the grammatical structure of some African languages)
Australia
Black, P. and Walsh, M. Prominent Australian Languages; Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies; forthcoming (a brief account of the linguistic situation in Australia)
Blake, B. Australian Aboriginal Languages: An Introduction; Sydney: Angus and Robertson; 1981 (a useful guide for the general reader)
Dixon, R.M.W. The Languages of Australia; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1980 (a valuable overview for the general reader but also suitable for the more advanced linguist)
Dixon, R.M.W. and Blake, B.J. (Eds.) Handbook of Australian Languages; Canberra: Australian National University Press and Amsterdam: John Benjamins; Vol.l, 1979; Vol.2, 1981 (a collection of sketch descriptions of Australian languages in parallel format)
Wurm, S.A. (Ed.) Australian Linguistic Studies; Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, C-S4; 1979 Ca collection of recent studies on a variety of topics dealing with Australian languages)
New Guinea
Wurm, S.A.(Ed.) Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Vol. l); Canberra: Pacific Linguistics,C-38; 1975 (reprinted 1977)
Wurm, S.A. (Ed.) Austronesian Languages (New Guinea Languages and Language Study, Vol.2); Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, C-39; 1976 (reprinted 1979)
Wurm, S.A. (Ed.) Language, Culture, Society, and the Modern World (New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Vol.3); Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, C-40; 1977 (2 fascicles)
(d) Guides to Field Linguistics
Samarin, W. Field Linguistics: A Guide to Linguistic Field Work; New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1967 (a good general guide)
Sherzer, J. and Damell, R. 'Outline guide for the ethnographic study of speech use' in Gumperz, J. and Hymes, D. (Eds.) Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnograph of Communication; New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1972 a useful guide for the study of language in day-to-day use; the rest of the volume merits attention and includes a valuable guide to further reading)
Sutton, P. and Walsh, M. Revised Linguistic Fieldwork Manual for Australia; Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies; 1979 (an example of a fieldwork guide designed for a particular area)
Thomas, D. Notes and Queries on Linguistic Analysis (Language Data, Asian-Pacific Series No. 10); Huntington Beach, California: Summer Institute of Linguistics; 1975
Except where otherwise indicated, all the references listed below may be found in Recorded Sound, Journal of the British Institute of Recorded Sound.
(a) History
Boswal1, J. 'Some major events in the world history of bird sound recording' in No.34; 1969
(b) Wildlife Sound Libraries
Boswall, J. and Kettle, R. 'A revised world list of wildlife sound libraries' in Nos.74-75, 70-72; 1979
(c) Published Records
Boswa11, J. 'A bibliography of wildlife discographies' in No.54; 1974
Boswal1, J. 'A supplementary bibliography of wildlife discographies' in Nos.74-75; 1979
Kettle, R. and Boswa11, J. 'A discography of amphibian sounds' in No.79; 1981
(d) Wildlife Sound Archives and Their Organisation
Bondesen, P. ‘A bio-acoustic laboratory in Denmark' in No.34; 1969
Boswa11, J. ‘A general introduction to BLOWS' in No.34; 1969
Gulledge, J.L. ‘The library of natural sounds at the laboratory of ornithology' in Nos.74-75; 1979
Kendrick, J.L. 'Bird sound recording in New Zealand' in Nos.74-75; 1979
Stannard, J. ‘Bird sound recording in South Africa' in No.34; 1969
Sellar, P.J. ‘Notes for contributing recordists and users of BLOWS' in No.34; 1969
Veprintsev, B.N. 'Wildlife sound recording in the Soviet Union' in Nos.74-75; 1979
(e) Wildlife Sound Recording
Ausobsky, A. Tonbandjagd auf Tierstimmen; Stuttgart: Kosmos; 1964
Fisher, J.B. Wildlife Sound Recording; London: Pelham Books; 1977
Gulledge, J.L. 'Recording bird sounds' in The Living Bird, No. 15; 1979
Hawkins, A.D. 'Sounds from the sea' in Nos. 74-7S; 1979
(a) Books and Articles
Baum, W.K. Oral History for the Local Historical Society; Nashville, Tennessee: American Association for State and Local History; 1969
Baum, W.K. Transcribing and Editing Oral History; Nashville, Tennessee: American Association for State and Local History; 1977
Brooks, M. 'General fieldwork problems' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.30; 1981
Deering, M.J. 'State of the art' in OHMAR Newsletter, No.5; 1981
Drexel Library Quarterly, No. 15 'Managing oral history collections in the library'; 1979
Evans, G.E. The Days That We Have Seen; London: Faber and Faber; 1975 (see particularly chapters 1 and 2)
Evans, G.E. 'Approaches to interviewing' in Oral History, No.4; 1975
Friedel, F. and Leutchenbury, W.E.: see debate on the importance of oral history in Starr, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Second National Colloquium; Oral History Association; 1968
Goody, J. Literacy in Traditional Societies; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1968
Haley, A. 'Black history, oral history and genealogy' in The Oral History Review; 1973
Harrison, N. 'Oral history and recent political history' in Oral History, Vol. l, No.3; 1973
Henige, D. 'The problem of feed-back in oral tradition' in Journal of African History, Vo1.19; 1973
Henige, D. The Quest for Chimera: the Chronology of Oral Tradition; Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1974
Hoyle, N. 'Oral history' in Library Trends, Vol.2l; 1972
Ives, E.D. The Tape-Recorded Interview: A Manual for Field Workers in Folklore and Oral History; Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press; 1980
Lance, D. 'Oral history recording: a note on legal considerations' in Oral History, Vol.4, No. l; 1976
Lance, D. An Archive Approach to Oral History; London: Imperial War Museum and International Association of Sound Archives; 1978
Lochead, R. 'Three approaches to oral history: the journalistic, the academic, and the archival' in Journal of the Canadian Oral History Association; Vol.l; 1975-6
Menninger, R. 'Some psychological factors involved in oral history interviewing' in The Oral History Review, 1975
Montell, W.L. and Allen, B. From Memory to History: Using Oral Sources in Local Historical Research; Nashville, Tennessee: American Association for State and Local History; 1981
Moss, W. Oral History Program Manual; New York: Praeger Publishers; 1974
Nevins, A. The Gateway to History; New York: D. Appleton Century; 1938
Nevins, A. 'How and why it was born' in W.L.B., No.40; 1966
Niethammer, L. (Ed.) Lebenserfahrung und Kollectives Gedachtnis die Praxis der 'Oral History'; Frankfort: Syndikat; 1980
Ostry, B. 'The illusion of understanding: making the ambiguous intelligible' in The Oral History Review; 1975
Pfaff, E. 'Oral history: a new challenge for public libraries' in Wilson Library Bulletin, No.54; 1980
Raphael, F. et.al. 'Archives orales: une autre histoire' in Annales A.S.C., Vol.35, No. l; 1980
Roberts, A. 'The use of oral sources in African history' in Oral History, Vol.4, No. l; 1976
Rumics, E. 'Oral history: defining the term' in Wilson Library Bulletin, No.40, 1966 212
Schuursma, R. 'Oral history and sound archives' in Phonographic Bulletin, No.30; 1981
Seldon, A. By Word of Mouth; London: Methuen; forthcoming
Starr, L. 'Oral history: problems and prospects' in Advances in Librarianship, Vol. II; New York: Seminar Press; 1971
Thompson, P. 'Problems of method in oral. history' in Oral History, No.4; 1975
Thompson, P. The Voice of the Past: Oral History; Oxford: Oxford University Press Opus Paperback; 1978
Tonkin, E. 'Implications of oracy: an anthropological view' in Oral History, Vol.3, No. l; 1975
Vansina, J. Oral Tradition: A study in Historical Methodology; London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1965
Wilkie, J.W. Elitelore, Latin American Studies, Vol.22; Los Angeles: University of California; 1973
Wilkie, J.W. 'Alternative views of history: historical sources and oral history' in Greenleaf, R.W. and Meyer, M.C. (Eds.) Research in Medical History; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; 1973
(b) Bibliographies
Baum, W.K. (Comp.) 'Guidebooks for oral history projects' in History News, No.35; 1980
Bornat, J. 'Women's history and oral history: an outline bibliography' in Oral History, Vol.5, No.2; 1977
Fox, J. 'Bibliography up to date' in The Oral History Review; 1977
Karady, V.G. La Litterature Oral Africaine: Bibliographie Analytique: Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose; 1981
Schippers, D.J. 'Literature of oral history' in Starr, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Second National Colloquium: Oral History Association; 1968
Tonkin, E. 'Implications of oracy' in Oral History, Vol.3, No. l; 1975 (includes a useful bibliography relating to oral history, social anthropology and African history)
Turner, R. 'The contribution of oral evidence to labour history' in Oral History, Vol.4, No. l; 1976 (contains a useful bibliography relating to oral history, labour and political history)
Waserman, M.J. Bibliography on Oral History; Oral History Association; 1975
(c) Professional Journals
Canadian Oral History Association Journal; Editor: Richard Lochead, P.O. Box 301, Station "A", Case Post, OTTAWA, Ontario KIN 8V3, Canada
International Journal of Oral History; Editor-in Chief: Ronald J. Grele, Columbia University, Butler Library, Oral History Research Office, NEW YORK NY10027, USA
Oral History (Journal of the Oral History Society); Editors: Paul Thompson and Joanna Bornat, University of Essex, Sociology Department, COLCHESTER C04 3SQ, England
Sound Heritage; Editor: Charles Lillard, Provincial Archives of British Columbia, Sound and Moving Image Division, VICTORIA, British Columbia, Canada
The Oral History Association of Australia Journal; Editors: Morag Loh and Wendy Lowenstein, The Oral History Association of Australia, c/o 97 Ullapool Road, MT. PLEASANT, W.A. 6153, Australia
The Oral History Review: Editor: Arthur A. Hansen, California State University, Department of History, FULLERTON, California 92634, USA